There are 144 water services authorities in South Africa. These are local and district municipalities meant to provide drinking water and sanitation systems.
The nationwide maintenance backlog on water and sanitation systems will cost about R400-billion to rectify, said Water and Sanitation Minister, Pemmy Majodina, in response to a question in Parliament in December.
But only R26-billion total expenditure on Water and Sanitation services was budgeted for the 2025/26 financial year, including grants to municipalities.
Municipalities are supposed to fund their maintenance of drinking water infrastructure with the revenue they generate from water sales. But large amounts of water go through municipal systems without earning any money.
This “non-revenue water” is driven by leaks and bursts due to ageing infrastructure, billing issues, and free water supplied to poor households.
“The decline in water and sanitation services is mainly attributed to municipalities not prioritising funding for operations and maintenance,” said Majodina.
The water systems in 104 municipalities were rated “poor” or “critical” by the Department of Water and Sanitation’s most recent Green and Blue Drop assessments in 2023. The assessments consider the condition, capacity, and maintenance of water infrastructure.
38 municipalities were rated “poor”, and 66 were rated “critical”.
Chart produced by The Outlier in partnership with GroundUp.
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